Central Surveillance Unit (CSU) established and integrated in the National Centre for Disease Control, Delhi. The project was extended for 2 years in March 2010. From April 2010 to March 2012, World Bank funds were available for Central Surveillance Unit (CSU) at NCDC & 9 identified states (Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Punjab, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal) and the rest 26 states/UTs were funded from domestic budget. Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched with World Bank assistance in November 2004 to detect and respond to disease outbreaks quickly. Training of State/District Surveillance Teams and Rapid Response Teams (RRT) has been completed for all 35 States/UTs. Whenever there is rising trend of illnesses, it is investigated by the RRT to diagnose and b control the outbreak. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offers a list of tips and resources to help people come up with a personal and household plan. National Centre for Disease Control is the identified agency for investigating outbreaks.

An epidemic is a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in the population of a specific area. I can’t count the number of conversations I’ve had with people who went to school for a particular degree only to discover later that it wasn’t for them. What people are “capable” of becoming or doing (achieving) is influenced by many factors: economic opportunities; political liberties and social powers; health conditions and access to medical facilities; access to education and level of skill development; mental and emotional framework; and levels of motivation, encouragement and initiative. Emergency Medical Relief (EMR) Cell in Directorate General of Health Services coordinates all Public Health Emergency activities of national and international concern. Ministry of Health also provides support to the States in terms of guidelines and operating procedures. Poverty can’t be understood in Monetary terms alone. This approach also recognizes the presence of poverty in the economically rich countries, again in terms of deprivation of capabilities. In this light, poverty at the most basic level, is a deprivation of human capabilities.

Thus, human poverty is nothing but a state of capability deprivation. South Asia and the sub-Saharan Africa are currently the biggest pockets of world poverty and hunger in the world. These nuances are called inflections and trust me, inflections matter. If the state of well-being implies comforts, lack of well-being (shall we say ill-being) characterizes the state of human suffering – called poverty. Poverty is a state of multidimensional deprivations, including income. They are in a state of chronic hunger and under-nutrition and are at the risk of losing their lives. In general, being outdoors and in spaces with good ventilation reduces the risk of exposure to infectious respiratory droplets. Under the project weekly disease surveillance data on epidemic prone disease are being collected from reporting units such as sub centres, primary health centres, community health centres, hospitals including government and private sector hospitals and medical colleges. The three tier network includes (i) Regional Level Bio Safety Level (BSL) -3 laboratories (ii) State Level BSL-2 Plus Laboratories (iii) Medical College BSL-2 Laboratories. Laboratories under IDSP network and Indian Council of Medical Research have been identified for testing clinical samples. As noted earlier, these divorced women represent a minority of all divorced women entering their retirement years and we show in our empirical work below that this law change does not appear to have affected behavior.

Let us work to change cynicism into optimism. ‘All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.’ You must have come across this proverb before. Surveillance units have been established in all states/districts (SSU/DSU). Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) has nationwide surveillance for providing early warning signs. The Programme continues during 12th Plan under NRHM with outlay of Rs. This plan provides for Crisis Management Group and Technical Advisory Committee. However, Ministry of Health has crisis management plan that was updated last on 24.07.2013 and circulated to all concerned. Health is a State Subject. The poor live in a state of continuous discomforts, agony and insecurity due to a variety of deprivations – food, clothing, shelter, health and education, social exclusion, and so on. If in today’s world of sheer abundance people are living in poverty, they are living in a state of capability deprivations coming from lack of freedom.

United Nations’ 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) aim to curtail the state of extreme deprivations still widespread in, what the so-called “developed world” used to call, the “third World”. The suffering can vary from mild to extreme when the poor are simply battling for survival. Many organizations that have invested heavily in BlackBerry are struggling with the dilemma of their BYOD users demanding iOS and Android support. If we remain proactive in educating ourselves about the various options and flexibility we have to grow our retirement dollars, we will indeed reap the benefits and prosper. Chances are, you either receive Social Security benefits or know someone who does. People, particularly in the South Asia and the sub-Saharan Africa, know what it means to live with chronic hunger, under nutrition and malnutrition. We should use the strength of shared heritage and our diversity to encourage tourism within our region, and present South Asia to the world.